狄德罗把世界设想为一个大系统，认为其中存在的只有时间、空间与物质；物质本身具有活力，能够自行运动，不需要它以外的神秘力量参与；运动是物质的一种属性，物质与运动不可分割的联系造成绚丽多彩的大千世界，这个世界是统一的，统一于物质；由于物质不断运动，永远处于变化的过程中，所以新鲜的事物层出不穷；所有的事物都相互联系，联系与统一具有内在的逻辑上的蕴涵关系。在狄德罗的自然观中，含有转化的观念。他肯定自然事物可以相互转化，转化还涉及事物质的变化。但狄德罗的自然观仍然存在形而上学倾向。他把一切变化都归结为“纯粹数量增长”，把自然中的因素看做是一成不变的，认为由元素组合的事物，通过嬗变而彼此交替，只能形成循环的局面。
Key words ＆ Sentences
关键词句全知道
Denis Diderot was the main editor。
丹尼斯·狄德罗是主要编纂者。
In this regard， Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew is a success story。
在这方面，狄德罗的《拉摩的侄儿》是一个成功的范例。
This shows that Diderot recognized the complexity of the problem。
这说明狄德罗认识到了问题的复杂性。
You may have heard the story of Diderot’s robe somewhere along the way。
也许你曾道听途说过关于狄德罗的浴袍的故事。
Diderot Rameau’s Nephew and Diderot live in the era of feudalism， capitalism and the struggle era。
狄德罗与拉摩的侄儿所生活的时代，是资本主义与封建主义激烈斗争的时代。
Diderot was one of the greatest philosophers and writers in the Age of Enlightenment in France。
狄德罗是法国启蒙时代伟大的思想家和作家。
Worth pondering， however， in the confrontation between the two， the sense of fair play and no win Diderot。
然而值得玩味的是，在二者的交锋中，扮演公正意识的狄德罗并没有取得胜利。
Diderot was determined to express his personal view on art and， in the meantime， try to justify his judgments。
出于对艺术的爱好和自身敏锐的哲学思想，狄德罗试图对艺术发表个人的看法，并在实践中进行检验。
The philosophy ideas of Zhang Zai and Diderot hold an important role in Chinese and Western philosophy history。
张载和狄德罗的哲学思想在中西哲学史上独树一帜。
In France school teachers are advised to avoid authors deemed offensive to Muslims， including Voltaire and Diderot。
在法国的学校里，教师们被告知要避免提及令穆斯林反感的作者，包括伏尔泰与狄德罗。
Something of that idea we still find everywhere， in Diderot， in Voltaire and even in Kant。
这种想法仍然到处可见，在狄德罗、伏尔泰甚至康德的学说中，都可以找到这种思想的存在。
I hate Diderot； he is an ideologist， a declaimer， and a revolutionist， a believer in God at bottom。
我恨狄德罗，他是个空想家，大言不惭，还搞革命，实际上却信仰上帝。
He corresponded with Diderot and Rousseau。
他和狄德罗和卢梭有书信往来。
Diderot is an enlightenment philosopher。
狄德罗是一位启蒙哲学家。
Diderot said， “when woman is the theme， the pen must be dipped in the rainbow， and the pages must be dried with a butterfly’s wing。”
狄德罗说：“当女性是主题时，笔头需浸满彩虹，而纸张需用蝴蝶翅膀来擦干。”
You know： Diderot receives a fabulously luxurious robe， then bit by bit， ends up upgrading every aspect of his life so that everything matches the quality of the new robe。
你知道，狄德罗收到一件浴袍，出奇地精美华贵，于是他一点点努力，全方位地提升自己的生活品质，以此来匹配这件新浴袍的质地。
The expression of Diderot is a traditional， good， and for the community at large， especially by the ruling class of the moral sense of recognition。
狄德罗表达的是一种传统的、向善的、为社会大多数人特别是统治阶层所认可的道德意识。
In Rameau’s Nephew， Denis Diderot expressed his reflection on Didactic morality through shaping the figure–Rameau’s Nephew。
在《拉摩的侄儿》这部小说中，狄德罗通过对拉摩的侄儿这一形象的塑造，体现了他对启蒙伦理的反思。
Let’s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Mike： Do you know Diderot·
麦克：你知道狄德罗吗·
Daisy： A little， I know he edited the Encyclopedie。
黛西：一点点，我知道他编写了《百科全书》。
Mike： Have you read it·
麦克：你看过这本书吗·
Daisy： Of course not。
黛西：当然没有。
Mike： Do you know his philosophical ideas·
麦克：你知道他的哲学观点吗·
Daisy： I can’t remember， why do you ask about him·
黛西：我不记得了，你为什么说起他·
Mike： We have to discuss him in the philosophical class tomorrow。
麦克：我们明天再在哲学课上讨论他。
Daisy： Have you do some research about him·
黛西：你对他做了一些研究吗·
Mike： Yes I have， but his ideas are too complicated。
麦克：我查了，但他的想法太复杂了。
Daisy： He is a complicated man。
黛西：他是个复杂的人。
Mike： Maybe I’ll talk something else about him， like his literature works。
麦克：我还是说说他别的方面吧，比如说他的文学作品。
Daisy： He has contributed in various fields， there is a lot to talk about。
黛西：他在很多领域都有贡献，可以说的很多。
Mike： Why these ancient people know so many things·
麦克：为什么这些古代的人知道这么多·
Daisy： Yes， that’s strange。 Maybe we have degenerated。
黛西：是的，很奇怪。也许我们退化了。
Jean－Jacques Rousseau
让·雅克·卢梭
让·雅克·卢梭是法国伟大的启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家、文学家，是18世纪法国大革命的思想先驱，启蒙运动最卓越的代表人物之一。主要著作有《论人类不平等的起源和基础》《社会契约论》《爱弥儿》《忏悔录》《新爱洛漪丝》《植物学通信》等。
About Rousseau
关于卢梭
Jean－Jacques Rousseau was a major Genevan philosopher， writer， and composer of 18th－century Romanticism。 His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution， as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political， sociological and educational thought。
His novel， émile： or， On Education is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship。 His sentimental novel， Julie， ou la nouvelle Hélo·se， was of great importance to the development of pre－romanticism and romanticism in fiction。 Rousseau’s autobiographical writings： his Confessions， which initiated the modern autobiography， and his Reveries of a Solitary Walker were among the pre－eminent examples of the late 18th－century movement known as the Age of Sensibility， featuring an increasing focus on subjectivity and introspection that has characterized the modern age。 His Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and his On the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought and make a strong case for democratic government and social empowerment。
Rousseau also made important contributions to music as a theorist。 During the period of the French Revolution， Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club。 He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris， in 1794， 16 years after his death。
在哲学上，卢梭主张感觉是认识的来源，坚持“自然神论”的观点；强调人性本善，信仰高于理性。在社会观上，卢梭坚持社会契约论，主张建立资产阶级的“理性王国”；主张自由平等，反对大私有制及其压迫；提出“天赋人权说”，反对专制、暴政。在教育上，他主张教育目的是培养自然人；反对封建教育戕害、轻视儿童，要求提高儿童在教育中的地位；主张改革教育内容和方法，顺应儿童的本性，让他们的身心自由发展，反映了资产阶级和广大劳动人民从封建专制主义下解放出来的要求。
Key words ＆ Sentences
关键词句全知道
Hume and Rousseau would hardly be surprised。
休姆和卢梭一定会认为这样的说法不足为奇。
Rousseau writes Discourse on the Origin of Inequality。
卢梭写了《论人类不平等的起源和基础》。
Her critique of society is deeper than that of any of her contemporaries except Rousseau。
除了卢梭，她的社会学批评比她同时代的其他人深刻得多。
Rousseau describes it as a general condition of humanity but also that it may never have existed。
卢梭则形容其为人性的一般状态，但它或许从未存在过。
Rousseau tried to recover the divine dimension of nature and set up his social contract theory through it。
卢梭试图重新恢复“自然”的神圣维度，进而借之建构社会契约论。
Based on naturalistic education thoughts， Rousseau explains his views on women in the fifth volume of Emile－On Education。
卢梭在《爱弥儿——论教育》第五卷中以自然主义教育思想为基础，阐述了他的女子观。
