我们在生活中将这也不像那也不像的东西称作“四不像”，英语中也存在这样的情况：如果说是句子，却没有谓语动词；如果说是非谓语动词，可又带有自己的主语。下面就让我们来认识一下这种特殊的结构--独立主格结构吧！
33.1独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）或形容词、副词及介词短语，前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需要特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
33.2独立主格结构的基本构成形式
1.非谓语动词独立主格结构
（1）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。但有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。例如：
The children playing in the room， I couldn"t fix my attention on studying.
孩子们在房间里玩耍，使我无法集中精力学习。
Their room was on the third floor， its window overlooking the sports ground.
他们的房间位于三楼，窗户俯视着操场。
（2）名词（代词）+过去分词，过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。例如：
The problems solved， he felt completely relieved.
问题解决后，他感觉如释重负。
Everything considered， we are sure to hold a successful annual conference.
一切（所有）事情都考虑到了，我们一定会举办一次成功的年会。
（3）在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，如果动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式使用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，使用被动形式。例如：
We divided the work， I to translate the former part of the book， he to translate the latter part of it.
我将任务进行了分配，我翻译这本书的前半部分，他翻译后半部分。
They said good-bye to each other， one to go to the shopping mall， the other to go to visit a friend.
他们相互道别后，一个去了购物中心，一个去拜访朋友了。
试比较：
The food being cooked， the boy was watching TV.
那个男孩一边做着饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The manager looks relaxed， many things settled.
解决了许多问题后，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled 表示动作已经结束）
The manager looks worried， many things to settle.
有许多事情需要解决，经理看起来非常忧虑。（事情还没有处理且由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
Task 1
指出下列句子中带有独立主格的句子。
1.Weather permitting， they will go and visit the zoo.
2.Lacking of money， his parents couldn"t send him to university.
3.All things considered， I think we ought to give the job to Mike.
4.Put into use in April 2000， the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
5.To learn English well， we students should put our whole heart into study and practice
6.A lot of work to do， he had no time to talk with us.
2.名词（代词）+非谓语动词（being）+ 形容词、副词、介词短语、名词
（1）名词（代词）+形容词。例如：
So many students (being) absent from his class， the English teacher became very angry.
很多学生缺课，英语老师非常生气。
He entered the room， his face (being) pale.
他进入房间，脸色苍白。
（2）名词（代词）+副词。例如：
The last class in the morning (being) over， the students， together with the teacher， hurried to the dinning hall.
上午的最后一节课下课后，学生们和老师匆匆走向食堂。
The lights (being) off， the students were still talking and laughing in the dorms.
熄灯后，学生仍然在宿舍里说说笑笑。
（3）名词（代词）+名词，例如：
Twenty people died in the accident in Gansu Province， many of them (being) children.
有20 人在甘肃发生的交通事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
He found the robber， a stick (being) his only weapon.
他发现了抢劫犯，手里的棍子是他的唯一武器。
（4）名词（代词）+介词短语。在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁，往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。例如：
The experienced teacher stepped into the classroom confidently， book in hand.
那位经验丰富的老师自信地走进教室，手里拿着书。
She came in， smile on face.
她走进房间，脸色洋溢着笑容。
注意：独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：
① 在“There being +名词”结构中；
② 在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
例如：
There being no bus， we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们不得不步行回家。
It being Sunday， all the offices are closed.
因为是星期天，所有的办公室都关门了。
Task 2
用独立结构完成下列句子。
1.The little girl entered the room， （脸冻红了）.
2.（产量上升了60%），the company has had another excellent year.
3.Many students come to visit the city， （其中大多数是大学生）.
4.（肩上扛着枪）， the hunter went into the forest.
3.with 和without引导的独立主格结构
由“with (without) +宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语”构成的独立主格结构，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。例如：
With winter coming on， the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.
随着冬天的临近，树木变黄了，鸟儿向南飞了。（with +名词/代词+动词的-ing 形式）
Without a word more spoken， the manager left the meeting room.
没有再说一句话，经理离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed 形式）
With lots of homework to do， the students had to stay up late.
由于有许多作业要做，学生不得不熬夜。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
Even in winter， the boy sleeps with the windows open.
就是（甚至）在冬天，学生也开着窗睡觉。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
The boy was walking， with his father ahead.
那个男孩步行走着，他的父亲走着前面。（with+名词/代词+副词）
She sat at the furnace， with her head in the hands.
她坐在火炉旁，双手抱着头。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
注意：在with 和without 引导的独立主格结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。例如：
With his homework done， Peter went out to play.
His homework done， Peter went out to play.
做完作业后，彼得出去玩了。
Without any game to play， the boy looked upset.
没有游戏可玩，男孩看起来闷闷不乐。
Task 3
用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误。
1.I couldn"t do my homework with all that noise went on.
______________________________________________________________________________
2.With the signal to give， the train started.
______________________________________________________________________________
3.They started off late and got to the airport with minutes spared.
______________________________________________________________________________
4.He stood in the rain， with his clothes wetly.
______________________________________________________________________________
5.He stood at the door， with computer in his hand.
______________________________________________________________________________
33.3独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
（1）作时间状语。例如：
The work done (=After the work had been done)， we went home.
完成工作后，我们都回家了。
Everyone having sat down (=When everyone had sat down)， the teacher began his class.
所有人都入座后，老师开始上课。
（2）作条件状语。例如：
Weather permitting (=If weather permits)， they will visit the Summer Palace.
如果天气允许，他们将去参观颐和园。
My health allowing (=If my health allows)， I will work far into the night.
如果健康允许，我将工作到深夜。
（3）作原因状语。例如：
The weather terribly cold (=Because the weather was terribly cold)， we entered the room to warm ourselves.
由于天气非常冷，我们进入房间暖和一下。
The boy leading the way (=Because the boy led the way)， we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
由于有男孩领路，我们很容易地走出了森林。
（4）作伴随状语。例如：
The mother was cleaning the house， her baby playing on the bed (=and her baby was playing on the bed).
母亲在打扫屋子，她的孩子在床上玩耍。
The students are walking in the school happily， each wearing a card in front of his chest (=and each is wearing a card in front of his chest).
学生们幸福地走在校园里，每个人胸前都戴着卡。
（5）with 和without 引导的独立主格结构可作后置定语修饰名词。例如：
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.
她很快就到达了满是绿草和鲜花的公园。
The new building with its windows facing south is our office.
=The new building whose windows face south is our office.
窗户朝南的大楼是我们的办公室。
33.4使用独立主格结构的注意事项
（1）要注意独立主格结构与独立成分的异同。有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法使用。这些短语有：generally speaking（总的说来），frankly speaking（坦率地说），judging from（从……判断），supposing（假设），等等。例如：
Generally speaking， the rule is very easy to understand.
一般来说，规则不难理解。
Judging from what he said， he must be an honest man.
从他的谈吐判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure（确实），to tell you the truth（说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank（坦率地说），to make matters/things worse（更糟糕的是），等等。例如：
To tell you the truth， I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我在单词拼写时拼错了一处。
（2）独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。例如：
If time permits， we"d better have a holiday at weekends.
→ Time permitting， we"d better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许，我们最好在周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop， we can find the city more beautiful.
→ Seeing from the hilltop， we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
选择题。
1.a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A.Other things being equal
B.Were other things equal
C.To be equal to other things
D.Other things to be equal
2.So many directors ，the board meeting had to be put off.
A.were absent
B.been absent
C.had been absent
D.being absent
3.The speech ， a lively discussion start.
A.being delivered
B.was delivered
C.be delivered
D.having been delivered
4.People couldn"t help the foolish emperor in the procession.
A.laugh at
B.to laugh at
C.laughing at
D.laughing on
5.All things ， the planed trip will have to be called off.
A.be considered
B.considered
C.considering
D.having considered
6.If the building project by the end of this month is delayed， the construction company will be fined.
A.to be completed
B.is completed
C.being completed
D.complete
7.Not far from the school there was a garden， owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A.its
B.whose
C.which
D.that
8.The meeting over， we all left the room.
A.is
B.to be
C.being
D.would be
9.European football is played in 80 countries， it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
10.such heavy pollution already， it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A.Having suffered
B.Suffering
C.To suffer
D.Suffered
11.The fish bad， the children left much of it .
A.tasted；untouched
B.tasting；untouched
C.tasting；untouching
D.tasted；untouching
12.in the United States， St.Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
A.being the fourth biggest city
B.It was once the fourth biggest city
C.Once the fourth biggest city
D.The fourth biggest city it was
13.， we all went home happily.
A.Goodbye was said
B.Goodbye had been said
C.Goodbye said
D.When goodbye said
14.， we all went shopping in good mood.
A.It being fine weather
B.It fine weather
C.It was fine weather
D.It being a fine weather
15.， we will surely succeed.
A.The teacher helping us
B.The teacher to help us
C.The teacher will help us
D.With the teacher helping
16.， the leaves are turning green.
A.When spring coming on
B.Spring coming on
C.Spring came on
D.Spring being come on
17.He stood there silently， his lips .
A.trembling
B.trembled
C.were trembling
D.were trembling
18.Everyone their seats， the lecture began.
A.taken
B.taking
C.having taken
D.to take
19.The storm their house， they had to live with their relatives.
A.destroyed
B.destroying
C.having destroyed
D.being destroyed
20.It"s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth and his eyes .
A.closed；open
B.closed；opened
C.closing；open
D.closing；opening
